Faculty Committee: Ken Hiltner, Stephanie LeMenager

1. The Emergence of Environmental Thinking

Classical

• Aristotle, from the Physics
• Bible, Genesis I-IV, Deuteronomy IV, Song of Solomon, Romans I
• Heraclites, from The Cosmic Fragments
• Hesiod, from Works and Days
• Horace, Epode II
• Lecretius, De Rerum Natura
• Ovid, Metamorphoses I
• Plato, Cratylus and the central books of the Republic
• Theocritus, Idylls I & VII
• Varro, from On Agriculture
• Virgil, Eclogues I, IV, & V; Georgics I

Medieval and Early Modern

• Thomas Aquinas, from the Summa Theologica
• Francis Bacon, New Atlantis
• William Blake, “A Chimney Sweeper” and “Auguries of Innocence” 
• John Denham, Cooper's Hill
• René Descartes, from Meditations on First Philosophy
• “The Dream of the Rood”
• John Evelyn, from Fumifugium
• Oliver Goldsmith, “The Deserted Village”
• Richard Hakluyt, from “Discovery of Guiana by Raleigh”
• Robert Herrick, “The Hock-cart, or Harvest home”
• Ben Jonson, “To Penshurst,” “The Praises of a Country Life,” and “To Sir Robert Wroth” 
• Immanuel Kant, from The Third Critique (of judgment)
• Aemilia Lanyer, “The Description of Cooke Ham”
• John Locke, from An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
• Andrew Marvell, mower poems
• Alexander Pope, Windsor Forest
• George Puttenham, from The Arte of English Poesie
• Jean Jacques Rousseau, from A Dissertation On the Origin and Foundation of The Inequality of Mankind
• From Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
• Edmund Spenser, from The Faerie Queene
• Baruch Spinoza, from the Ethics

19th Century

• John Clare, from The Village Minstrel and Other Poems
• Emily Dickinson, (selections)
• Charles Darwin, from The Origin of Species
• Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Nature” (1837)
• Friedrich Engels, from The Conditions of the Working Class
• George P. Marsh, from The Earth as Modified by Human Action.
• William Morris, from News from Nowhere
• John Muir, from Our National Parks
• John Ruskin, from Modern Painters
• Percy Bysshe Shelley, “Mont Blanc”
• Henry David Thoreau, Walden (complete book)
• Walt Whitman, Song of Myself (1855)
• William Wordsworth, Michael and The Prelude

Early 20th Century through the 1950s

• Mary Austin, “The Scavengers” from Land of Little Rain (1903)
• Martin Heidegger, “The Question Concerning Technology” and “Building, Dwelling, Thinking”
• Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac (complete book).
• Arthur Lovejoy, “Some Meanings of ‘Nature’” and “Nature as Aesthetic Norm”
• Lewis Mumford, from The City

2. First-Wave Environmental Criticism

1960s and ‘70s

• Hannah Arendt, “Labor, Work, Action”
• Wendell Berry, from The Gift of Good Land
• Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (complete book)
• Rene Dumont, “Manifesto for an Alternative Culture” 
• Leo Marx, from The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America
• Carolyn Merchant, from The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology, and the Scientific Revolution
• Gary Snyder,from Turtle Island (1975)
• Yi-Fu Tuan, from Topophilia (1974)
• Lynn White, Jr., “The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis”
• Raymond Williams, from The Country & the City; “Nature” and “Culture” from Keywords; “Ideas of Nature” from Culture & Materialism

1980s

• Bill Devall and George Sessions, from Deep Ecology: Living as if Nature Mattered
• Bill McKibben, from The End of Nature
• Arne Naess, “The Deep Ecological Movement” and “The Deep Ecology ‘Eight Points’ Revisited”
• Paul Shepard, “Ecology and Man—A Viewpoint”
• Michael Zimmerman, “Rethinking the Heidegger-Deep Ecology Relationship” 

1990s

• Jonathan Bate, from Romantic Ecology: Wordsworth and the Environmental Tradition
• Ulrich Beck, “Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity”
• Lawrence Buell, from The Environmental Imagination; “Toxic Discourse”
• Jeremy Cohen, from "Be Fertile and Increase, Fill the Earth and Master I”
• William Cronon, “The Trouble with Wilderness”
• Terry Gifford, “Three Kinds of Pastoral” from Pastoral
• Cheryll Glotfelty, “Introduction: Literary Study in an Age of Environmental Crisis”
• Donna Haraway, “A Cyborg Manifesto”
• Robert Pogue Harrison, from Forests: The Shadow of Civilization
• N. Katherine Hayles, from How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics (Chapters 1, 11)
• Ursula K. LeGuin, “The Carrier Bag Theory of Fiction”
• Michael Pollan, from Second Nature: A Gardener’s Education
•  Simon Schama,from Landscape and Memory
•  Leslie Marmon Silko, “Landscape, History, and the Pueblo Imagination”

3. Second-Wave Environmental Criticism

2000s

• J. M. Coetzee, from The Lives of Animals
• Mei Mei Evans, “‘Nature’ and Environmental Justice”
• Bruce V. Foltz and Robert Frodeman, Introduction to The Nature of EnvironmentalPhilosophy
• Greg Garrard, from Ecocriticism: The New Critical Idiom
• Robert T. Hayashi, “Beyond Walden Pond: Asian American Literature and the Limits ofEcocriticism”
• Ursula Heise, “The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Ecocriticism” and “Local Rock and Global Plastic”
• Michiko Ishimure, “Paradise in the Sea of Sorrow”
• Dale Jamieson, “Justice: The Heart of Environmentalism” 
• Bruno Latour, “Why Political Ecology has to Let Go of Nature”
• Juan Martinez-Alier, “The Environmentalism of the Poor” Chapter 1
• Rob Nixon, “Environmentalism and Postcolonialism" in Postcolonial Studies and Beyond
• Dana Philips, from The Truth of Ecology: Nature, Culture, and Literature in America
• T. V. Reed, “Toward an Environmental Justice Ecocriticism”
• Richard Watts “Contested Sources: Water as Commodity / Sign in the French Caribbean”
• Peter Wenz, “Does Environmentalism Promote Injustice for the Poor?"
• Jennifer Wenzel “Petro-Magic-Realism: Toward a Political Ecology of Nigerian Literature”

The Future of Environmental Criticism

• Angus Fletcher, from A New Theory for American Poetry:  Democracy, the Environment, &the Future of Imagination
• DavidHarvey, “Spaces of Global Capitalism: Towards a Theory of Uneven Development”
• Graham Huggan, “‘Greening’ Postcolonialism: Ecocritical Perspectives” in Modern FictionStudies
• Richard Kerridge, “Environmentalism and Ecocriticism”
• Timothy Morton, Ecology without Nature: Rethinking Environmental Aesthetics
• Vandana Shiva, from Biopiracy
• Anna Tsing, Friction: An Ethnography of Global Connection (Chapters 3-5, Section II,“Knowledge”
• Robert N. Watson, from Back to Nature: The Green and the Real in the Late Renaissance.