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Discussion Topics for “The Machine Stops,” Metropolis, and Brave New World
by Melissa Colleen Stevenson

Discussion Topics 2
“The Machine Stops,” Metropolis, and Brave New World


“The Machine Stops” by E. M. Forster (1909)

History
Consider the story’s place in history.
How does this story respond to the technophilia and scientific enthusiasm of its time?
How is history represented in the story itself?

Science and Technology
Compare the role of science and technology in this society to its role in Frankenstein?
What things is science capable of explaining?
Are there things science cannot explain? If so, what are some examples?

Living With/In the Machine
How do characters in the story relate to the technology around them?
How does living with or within the machine change them?
What does it mean to call Vashti’s room a “cell” in a beehive?
How is the body treated in this world?
What does it mean to be in constant contact with the rest of the world?
But to never touch anyone?
Why don’t they hear the humming of the machine?
What have the people living with/in the machine given up?
What is atavism?

Distance
How is distance made irrelevant in this world?
What kinds of distance are portrayed?
Consider geographical distance, personal distance, distance from thought.
Why don’t people touch one another?
Is it significant that everyplace in the world is the same? If so, why?
Why is distance from original thought important?

Understanding and Religion
How is it that the Machine is said to have done away with all religion and superstition?
Why do people begin to worship the Machine?
What is the relationship between understanding and worship?

Ideas
What are “ideas”? Why are first-hand ideas bad?
Why doesn’t Greece give Vashti any ideas?
Does our own society idealize the concept of the “idea”?
What might it mean that Kuno gets ideas from the stars?

“Man is the Measure” (100)
Why does Kuno say that his first lesson in rediscovering a sense of space was “man is the measure”?
How and why might man be the measure of things?
How are the senses important here?
How do others in this society measure their worlds?

“The Imponderable Bloom” (89)
What is the “imponderable bloom” of humanity?
What is essential about our humanity?
What makes us human or special?
How is the body important?
The senses?
For what reason do Vashti and Kuno weep near the end?

The Machine Stops
How does the society react when the Machine begins to break down?
How dependent are they on the Machine?
To what extent does it serve them? To what extent do they serve it?
Why does silence kill?
Will someone start the machine again in the future?
Are humans capable of turning away from technologies that negatively impact their humanity?

Utopia and Dystopia
What elements of this story seem utopian?
What would make it a dystopia?
How does one tell the difference between a utopia and dystopia?
What is the ultimate goal of a society? What can or should be sacrificed for this goal?


Fritz Lang’s Metropolis (1927)

Socialism and Fascism
What elements of this story suggest fascist or socialist readings?
What opportunities do either of these systems offer?

Gender
Why does Fredersen take the robot to a dance club to see if it can pass as “flesh and blood”?
Where are the women in the movie? What are their roles both above and below ground?
Why is the robot female?

Class
Who are the workers, what do they do, and what do they look like?
Where do they live?
What are their jobs like?
Why do they meet with Maria in secret?
Where does Fredersen live? What is his life like and what does he do?

Storytelling
Why does Maria tell the story of Babel?

Family
What does Maria tell the children of the workers when they visit the pleasure garden? Why?
How does this impact Freder?
Consider Freder’s relationship with his father, master of the city John Fredersen.
How does John Fredersen relate to his son? To the children of his workers?
Where is Freder’s mother?
How do Freder and his father relate to Maria and the Maria-bot respectively?
What makes Freder ill? Why does he dream of the seven deadly sins dancing?

The Robot
What purpose does John Fredersen want to use robots for in the future?
Why is this particular robot shaped like Maria?
How does she differ from the real Maria? Consider this visually as well as actually.
Why does she incite the workers to rebellion against the machines?
How is her creator Rotwang similar to or different from Victor Frankenstein?
What happened to his hand?
What is his house like?

Architecture
Look carefully at the drawings of the Metropolis.
What does this city look like? Why?
How do people move around it?

Technology and The Machines
How is technology represented in the film? What does it do?
What relationship do the workers have to the machines?
What mood is evoked by the changing shifts?
What happens if the machines are destroyed?

Iconography and Film Style
Watch the film closely for its imagery.
Do you see repeated images, shapes, or visual themes?
Do you see religious imagery?

Science Fiction
What elements of this story make it science fiction?
Do you see a relationship with Frankenstein? “The Machine Stops”? Other works?
What are the lessons of the film? Are you satisfied?


Brave New World
by Aldous Huxley (1932)

Chapter 1
1. Why is the first sentence strange? What does it set up?
2. What is the meaning of the World State’s motto “COMMUNITY, IDENTITY, STABILITY?”
3. Why does the fertilizing room look so cold, when it ia actually hot inside? What goes on there?
4. Why do particulars “make for virtue and happiness,” while generalities “are intellectually necessary evils?”
5. How do people know who they are in this society?
6. Why use the Bokanovsky process at all? How is it an instrument “of social stability?”
7. Why don’t the Epsilons “need human intelligence?”

Chapter 2
1. What work does the conditioning do? Who gets conditioned? How does hypnopaedia work?
2. Why condition the Deltas to hate nature but love outdoor sports?
3. How does time work in this book? History? Why does Ford say “History is Bunk?”
4. What are the various castes like, and why?
5. How do the students demonstrate their own conditioning?

Chapter 3
1. How do the children play together? What is childhood like?
2. How is our world depicted? How do we get from here to there?
3. Why must games be so complex in this society?
4. Why are strong emotions dangerous? Family relationships? Romance? Religion? Art? Culture?
5. How is sexuality used in this novel? Do you see any problems with it?
6. What does Mustapha Mond do? What is his relationship to history?
7. Is there anything unusual about Lenina Crowne? Bernard Marx? What? Why?
8. How does Huxley use the cinematic technique toward the end of this chapter?
9. What is soma? What are its uses?
10. How do people age in this society?

Chapter 4
1. What is life like for the Epsilon-Minus Semi-Moron who runs the elevator?
2. How do the other Alphas relate to Bernard?
3. What does Lenina do on her date?
4. What does she think of the lower castes?
5. Why is Bernard the way he is? What does he really want?
6. Why is Helmholtz the way he is? What does he want? How is he different from Bernard?

Chapter 5
1. What do Lenina and Henry talk about on their way home? What happens at the crematorium?
2. Why are stars depressing?
3. What are the solidarity services like? What role do they play? How does Bernard fit?

Chapter 6
1. Why is being alone a bad thing?
2. What do Lenina and Bernard do on their first date? Why is the ocean important? The moon?
3. What does Bernard say about freedom? What does he mean?
4. How does the date end?
5. What does it mean to be infantile in this society?
6. How does the director feel about Bernard? Why is he warning him?
7. What does his story mean? What does it show us about him?
8. How does Helmholtz feel about Bernard after he hears the story of the meeting with the director?
9. What do we learn from the Warden? What are the reservations like?
10. What does the word Malpais mean?

Chapter 7
1. How is the mesa like a ship?
2. Why doesn’t Lenina like their Indian guide?
3. What is the city itself like? What are the people like? How does Lenina respond? Bernard?
4. What ceremony do the witness? What does it mean? What does it seem like to Lenina?
5. What idols emerge from the ground?
6. How is John Savage different? What does he want? How does he respond to Lenina?
7. What is Linda’s story? What has her life been like here? How does Linda react to her?

Chapter 8
1. What was John’s upbringing like? His relationship with Linda? His education?
2. Why doesn’t linda want to be called a mother?
3. What social positions do Linda and John hold in Malpais?
4. What does John want in his life?
5. What does Linda tell him about the Other Place?
6. What does he learn from Shakespeare? How does he relate to Hamlet? The Tempest?
7. What does it mean to discover “Time and Death and God?”
8. What do John and Bernard have in common?
9. Why does Bernard want to take John to London?

Chapter 9
1, Why does Mustapha Mond agree to the plan?
2. What happens when John watches Lenina sleep? What does he think or feel?

Chapter 10
1. How and why was the DHC planing to make an example out of Bernard?
2. Why is unorthodoxy worse than murder?
3. How does Linda act in the hatchery? How does the DHC react? The spectators?

Chapter 11
1. Why does John become popular, but not Linda?
2. How does Bernard’s life change? How does he react? What does Helmholtz think?
3. How does Linda spend her time?
4. How does Bernard talk in public?
5. What does Mustapha Mond think of Bernard’s reports?
6. What does John think of the caste system? Of the clones? How does he use The Tempest now?
7. What do we learn about the reservations at Eton? What does John think?
8. How do the children respond to dying? Why?
9. How does Lenina feel about John?
10. What does John think about the feelies? Why?

Chapter 12
1. Why does John decide not to come to Bernard’s party? What does this mean for Bernard?
2. How does Lenina feel at the party? Why does she feel this way?
3. How does John feel? Why is he reading Romeo and Juliet?
4. What does it mean that Lenina likes looking at the moon now?
5. What role does Mustapha Mond play as a censor? Why des he do it? What does he censor? What does he really want?
6. How does Bernard’s position change? How do John and Helmholtz respond to Bernard now?
7. Why is Helmholtz in trouble with the authorities? What has he done that is dangerous, and why is it dangerous? Why did he do it? What does he want?
8. What does Helmholtz think of Shakespeare? Romeo and Juliet?
9. What does Helmholtz think is necessary for good writing?

Chapter 13
1. What are the consequences of Lenina’s emotion? What is happening?
2. How does she feel for John? What does she do to get what she wants?
3. How does John feel for Lenina? What does he want to do to prove it?
3. How does John react to Lenina’s actions? Why does he respond this way? What did he want from her?

Chapter 14
1. What is the hospital for the dying like? What are the dying like?
2. Note the television. Recall TV did not exist as we know it in 1932.
3. Why is Linda dying?
4. What memories flood over John as he stands before his mother? Why these particular memories? What are his memories of the “other place”? What role does memory play in civilization?
5. Why are the Delta children at the hospital? What does John think of this?
6. Why isn’t death terrible for those in the civilized world? What does this mean for the individual?

Chapter 15
1. The title phrase recurs here. How is it used differently than before? What does it mean now?
2. Why does John decide to interfere with the soma distribution? Why does he say it is poison?
3. What is John’s conception of slavery and freedom? Manhood? Liberty?
4. What does he think of the Deltas to whom he delivers his speech?
5. What roles do Bernard and Helmholtz play here? What does this tell us about their characters?
6. How does the soma riot end? What does it mean to be happy and good?

Chapter 16
1. How would you describe Bernard’s behavior in this chapter? Why does he act this way?
2. Why doesn’t John like civilization?
3. Why does Mond say old and beautiful things are forbidden?
4. Why can’t tragedies be written now? What is necessary for tragedy?
5. What does art mean in the new world? What can’t it mean? What is Helmholtz’s role?
6. What does Mond say is the role of liberty? Happiness? Stability? Truth and Beauty?
7. How does Mond explain the caste system? Do you agree?
8. What would happen with an entire society of Alphas?
9. Why must science be constrained? Progress? Do you agree?
10. What choice did Mond make as a young physicist? Why? What is his real position?
11. Why does Helmholtz make the choice he makes?

Chapter 17
1. Why does Mond want to talk with John alone? What do they talk about?
2. What is the significance of their discussion of religion? What does John argue religion can give to civilization? Why does Mond argue that it is unnecessary and potentially dangerous?
3. What does Mond believe is the role of God? How is it related to the self?
4. What role does solitude play in spirituality?
5. How does John argue that the civilized man has been degraded? From what and to what?
6. What are your conceptions of the roles of self-denial, chastity, nobility, heroism? What would John or Mond say?
7. What role does Mond say soma plays in this? What is an “opiate of the masses”?
8. What does it mean “to suffer the sling and arrows of outrageous fortune” or oppose them?
9. What does John mean by saying that nothing in civilization costs enough?
10. In saying no to civilization, what does John say yes to? Would you make the same decision?

Chapter 18
1. How does John purify himself?
2. Where does he go, and what does he plan to do there?
3. Does this represent a healthy alternative from society?
4. Why the self-flagellation?
5. What are his thoughts of Lenina?
6. What makes the film so popular back in London?
7. What does Lenina want? What does John think she wants?
8. How does the crowd respond? What happens that evening? What becomes of Lenina?
9. What is John’s decision? Why does he make it? Were there alternatives?

Overall
1. How do you know who you are?
2. Is this a utopia or a dystopia? What might this decision entail?
3. How is this related to E.M. Forster’s “The Machine Stops”? Modern Times?
4. What is so special about Ford or Freud?
5. At what price happiness?
6. What should be the goal of any society?
7. Who has power here?
8. How is stability maintained?
9. What role does the individual play in this society? How is that individual defined?
10. Who is the stability good for?
11. From whose point of view are we seeing this society?
12. What point of view does John represent?
13. Isn’t this “peace on earth and goodwill towards men”?
14. What would you be willing to give up for world peace, an end to poverty, hunger, etc.?
15. What would you consider to be a utopia?

“What is Happening to Our Population”
1. When did Huxley write this article?
2. How does a population vary “both in quality and quantity”? What is quality?
3. What is the ultimate aim of reformers? How does this figure in Brave New World?
4. How does Huxley propose the quality of the population be raised?
5. Which groups of people does he find desirable or undesirable?
6. Note he applauds the U.S., Canada, and Germany for their eugenic policies. When are we?
7. Why does he think some people oppose eugenics and/or sterilization?
8. How does he counter the argument of the “mystical democrats”?
9. What is your response to these arguments? Do you see related arguments today?
10. How does this relate to Brave New World?

“Science and Civilization”
1. When is this article written?
2. In science what is the difference between knowledge and application? What effect does this have?
3. What is Huxley’s utopian vision? His dystopian vision?
4. Is it better to “go wrong in freedom than to go right in chains?”
5. How is this all related to Brave New World?

Prologue
1. When is this prologue written? What important events have happened in this time?
2. How has Huxley’s view on his novel changed?
3. What other option would he give John?
4. Why is sanity a rare phenomenon?
5. What is science’s relation to humanity? Propaganda's?
6. How does Huxley see promiscuity in relation to freedom?
7. Why does he feel that we are drawing closer to his “Brave New World?”

 

Resource Description
Author/Artist: Melissa Stevenson Media:
Date of Composition: Summer 2001 Dimensions:
Original Course: English 192: Science Fiction Bibliographic Information:
Description: Discussion Topics for “The Machine Stops,” Metropolis, and Brave New World Location of Artifact:
Category: Instructor's materials Date of Publication/Exhibition:
Period/MA Field: N/A Keywords:“The Machine Stops,” Metropolis, and Brave New World, science fiction, discussion topics
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